Water is such a compound that can change its state at any temperature and pressure without changing its chemical properties. It is also called the universal solvent. It can solve anything with its solubility power. The earth is made by 2/3 part of water and 1 part is land. In those 2 parts, the land containing water is divided into 7 oceans. Due to large amount of contained water, those parts covered by water are called oceans and seas.
The water of those seas is different from the water we use daily. Because of the cold blooded aquatic animals inside the water, the water of sea contains huge amount of salt. According to the chemical property of water, it freezes at 0°C and boils at 100°C. But due to presence of salt, the freezing point of water decreases. Therefore, the water of sea does not freezes at the winter season too.
Thursday, August 5, 2010
The development of paper
In this age, paper had been an inseparable part of our life. We need paper every day in the form of anything like book, copy or newspaper. Let’s talk about the development of paper.
Paper had been named ‘paper’ from the Greek word called ‘papyrus’. It is the name of a long grass found in Greece. This grass is couple of meters long. By this type of grass, papers were made by the ancient people of Greece. So paper was first prepared in Greece. But those papers were very different from the paper of today. The paper we are using now-a-days was discovered by Chinese. They firstly prepared paper by the small pieces of bamboo and tree. Further the Arabian kidnapped the people of China who could make paper. And the Arabians forced them to make paper in Arabia. In 9th century, the Arabians too started to make paper. Then it spread to whole European countries in 12th century.
With the purpose of business, the paper was first discovered in Italy (Fabriyano) in the year 1726. So, the most paper is manufactured in Finland with the purpose of business. After the establishment of press in 1450, the manufacture of paper is rapidly growing.
Paper had been named ‘paper’ from the Greek word called ‘papyrus’. It is the name of a long grass found in Greece. This grass is couple of meters long. By this type of grass, papers were made by the ancient people of Greece. So paper was first prepared in Greece. But those papers were very different from the paper of today. The paper we are using now-a-days was discovered by Chinese. They firstly prepared paper by the small pieces of bamboo and tree. Further the Arabian kidnapped the people of China who could make paper. And the Arabians forced them to make paper in Arabia. In 9th century, the Arabians too started to make paper. Then it spread to whole European countries in 12th century.
With the purpose of business, the paper was first discovered in Italy (Fabriyano) in the year 1726. So, the most paper is manufactured in Finland with the purpose of business. After the establishment of press in 1450, the manufacture of paper is rapidly growing.
Porcupine
A Porcupine is a grey and white colored small animal. It is 57 cms long, which has 5-7 cms long stiff parts like needle called Quills. Its weight is 11 to 16 kilograms. It is a pure vegetarian animal. It eats vegetarian foods like fruits, green vegetables, cereals etc. It is one of mammals which live in hole, cave or inside stone.
The quills of Porcupine are so sharp and poisonous that a whole lion can be killed by just one quill. It can throw the sharp and poisonous quills as the arrow thrown from the bow, even from the backwards, when it is running from the danger. It is one of the most important characteristics of Porcupine. Its Nepali name is-“Dumsi”.
The mouth of Porcupine doesn’t contain so strong teeth for chewing purpose but it contains two sharp and very strong teeth which can chew any harder food. It is a very intelligent round shaped animal. The living place of Porcupine contains 2 or 3 other holes as emergency exit so that it can get itself out easily of the danger coming to its home. And sometimes it stays to other’s home too.
The quills of Porcupine are so sharp and poisonous that a whole lion can be killed by just one quill. It can throw the sharp and poisonous quills as the arrow thrown from the bow, even from the backwards, when it is running from the danger. It is one of the most important characteristics of Porcupine. Its Nepali name is-“Dumsi”.
The mouth of Porcupine doesn’t contain so strong teeth for chewing purpose but it contains two sharp and very strong teeth which can chew any harder food. It is a very intelligent round shaped animal. The living place of Porcupine contains 2 or 3 other holes as emergency exit so that it can get itself out easily of the danger coming to its home. And sometimes it stays to other’s home too.
Oxygen Saturation
Oxygen is a vital need for every living entity. But the measurement of the oxygen level contained in our blood, the water we drink or the air we breathe can be known by the term oxygen saturation. The relative measurement of the oxygen content that is carried or dissolved in a given medium is termed as oxygen saturation.
The normal human body needs a constant oxygen supply for healthy functioning. Low oxygen saturation levels identified in blood can lead to serious and life threating medical conditions. Normal oxygen levels in body range between 95-100% at sea level. Oxygen saturation can be measured by a small device called, Oximeter. The precision and accuracy of the measurement is based on various factors like hemoglobin level, percentage of inhaled oxygen, oxygenation capacity of the person. With the above factors and recordings by oximeter, an oxygen saturation curve can be achieved. This curve plots the oxygen saturation against the partial pressure of oxygen giving the p50 value. This value indicates the point where the hemoglobin has a 50% oxygen saturation value. With the help of this value, one can assess the index of oxygen affinity in blood. For a healthy human, the clinically accepted oxygen saturation level is 95% although the saturation value may vary from 97% to 99%.
Oxygen saturation can be tested by two methods. One of them is by fitting a finger clip on your finger. The clip shines a light through a side of the finger and the light is measured from the other end by a detector. Blood cells with different levels of oxygen saturation exhibit a different color. Blood cells give a bright red color if they are loaded with oxygen. Else the color is a bluish tinge indicating that there is not enough oxygen in the blood cell. The finger clip gives a rough estimate of oxygen saturation value which is not precise. The better alternative is to go for an arterial blood gas test. Usually, for blood tests, blood is drawn from veins. In this test, however, blood is drawn from arteries (the artery for blood test is mostly in the wrist). This test provides with the exact value of the oxygen saturation. Both these procedures yield fast results with the former being available immediately and later, being available in a span of 15 minutes.
The normal human body needs a constant oxygen supply for healthy functioning. Low oxygen saturation levels identified in blood can lead to serious and life threating medical conditions. Normal oxygen levels in body range between 95-100% at sea level. Oxygen saturation can be measured by a small device called, Oximeter. The precision and accuracy of the measurement is based on various factors like hemoglobin level, percentage of inhaled oxygen, oxygenation capacity of the person. With the above factors and recordings by oximeter, an oxygen saturation curve can be achieved. This curve plots the oxygen saturation against the partial pressure of oxygen giving the p50 value. This value indicates the point where the hemoglobin has a 50% oxygen saturation value. With the help of this value, one can assess the index of oxygen affinity in blood. For a healthy human, the clinically accepted oxygen saturation level is 95% although the saturation value may vary from 97% to 99%.
Oxygen saturation can be tested by two methods. One of them is by fitting a finger clip on your finger. The clip shines a light through a side of the finger and the light is measured from the other end by a detector. Blood cells with different levels of oxygen saturation exhibit a different color. Blood cells give a bright red color if they are loaded with oxygen. Else the color is a bluish tinge indicating that there is not enough oxygen in the blood cell. The finger clip gives a rough estimate of oxygen saturation value which is not precise. The better alternative is to go for an arterial blood gas test. Usually, for blood tests, blood is drawn from veins. In this test, however, blood is drawn from arteries (the artery for blood test is mostly in the wrist). This test provides with the exact value of the oxygen saturation. Both these procedures yield fast results with the former being available immediately and later, being available in a span of 15 minutes.
Mesophere
The atmosphere of earth is divided into five layers namely troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere. These layers protect the living creature of earth from the harmful radiations like UV light coming from sun. The five layers have individually different properties. Among them, mesosphere is described below.
Mesosphere is the third layer of the atmosphere situated at 50kms above the surface of the earth, between the stratosphere and thermosphere. Mesosphere literally means ‘middle sphere’. The mesosphere begins after stratopause: the transition region of stratosphere to mesosphere, and ends after the mesopause: top of the mesosphere and start of thermosphere. It plays an important role in protecting life on earth. The most important of mesosphere is the destruction of the meteors that fall on the earth. The meteors collides the gas particles present in mesosphere and burn. From earth, we call them the shooting stars. The troposphere layer is heated due to carbon dioxide gas and causes greenhouse effect. But in mesosphere, the carbon dioxide cools down as the heat is released from the mesosphere to space. Due to solar light, the methane gas is decomposed. The temperature of mesosphere is -90° C to -130°C. Due to the low temperature, reactions take place with the ozone layer and the water vapor and the formation of microscopic ice clouds occur. These clouds are named as noctilucent clouds. These clouds are seen during the sunset and are better seen from poles. This layer lies above the maximum altitude to enable aircraft movement and lies below the minimum altitude to enable orbital spacecraft movement.
At night, the complete darkness is also due to the five kilometers of deep sodium layer. The layer is located just below the mesopause and is made up of unbound non ionized atoms of sodium. This layer of sodium forms the nightglow. The nightglow is the light emitted from the earth’s middle atmosphere. There are strong winds blowing from the mesosphere. Due to a considerable change in the magnitude of temperature between the summer and winter poles, strong winds blow from north to south in the low mesosphere. It is exactly the opposite in the upper mesosphere as the temperature there is colder. East west air currents are also intense at the middle latitudes.
Till today, scientists know very less about this layer in comparision to other layers. This layer is hard to study due to the temperature difference. It can only be accessed through the sounding rockets. These are the research rockets and instrument carrying rockets that are designed to perform specific experiments. Scientists are still continuing their research on mesosphere layer.
Mesosphere is the third layer of the atmosphere situated at 50kms above the surface of the earth, between the stratosphere and thermosphere. Mesosphere literally means ‘middle sphere’. The mesosphere begins after stratopause: the transition region of stratosphere to mesosphere, and ends after the mesopause: top of the mesosphere and start of thermosphere. It plays an important role in protecting life on earth. The most important of mesosphere is the destruction of the meteors that fall on the earth. The meteors collides the gas particles present in mesosphere and burn. From earth, we call them the shooting stars. The troposphere layer is heated due to carbon dioxide gas and causes greenhouse effect. But in mesosphere, the carbon dioxide cools down as the heat is released from the mesosphere to space. Due to solar light, the methane gas is decomposed. The temperature of mesosphere is -90° C to -130°C. Due to the low temperature, reactions take place with the ozone layer and the water vapor and the formation of microscopic ice clouds occur. These clouds are named as noctilucent clouds. These clouds are seen during the sunset and are better seen from poles. This layer lies above the maximum altitude to enable aircraft movement and lies below the minimum altitude to enable orbital spacecraft movement.
At night, the complete darkness is also due to the five kilometers of deep sodium layer. The layer is located just below the mesopause and is made up of unbound non ionized atoms of sodium. This layer of sodium forms the nightglow. The nightglow is the light emitted from the earth’s middle atmosphere. There are strong winds blowing from the mesosphere. Due to a considerable change in the magnitude of temperature between the summer and winter poles, strong winds blow from north to south in the low mesosphere. It is exactly the opposite in the upper mesosphere as the temperature there is colder. East west air currents are also intense at the middle latitudes.
Till today, scientists know very less about this layer in comparision to other layers. This layer is hard to study due to the temperature difference. It can only be accessed through the sounding rockets. These are the research rockets and instrument carrying rockets that are designed to perform specific experiments. Scientists are still continuing their research on mesosphere layer.
Fastest train in the world
Among the developed countries in the world, China had success to make the fastest train in the world till the date. With the expectation of the designer of the train, it could make 350 kilometers per hour. But during test, it had speed of 394.2 kilometers per hour with excellence performance. It was started in 2009. By its speed, it could make thousands of kilometers in the couples of hours.
In the world, the countries that are using the faster trains are Japan, France and Germany. The train in Japan can take the speed of approximately 243 kilometers per hour. The train of Germany and France can take the speed of approximately 232 and 277 kph. Besides, China had been successful to make a revolutionary invention on the sector of the speed.
In the world, the countries that are using the faster trains are Japan, France and Germany. The train in Japan can take the speed of approximately 243 kilometers per hour. The train of Germany and France can take the speed of approximately 232 and 277 kph. Besides, China had been successful to make a revolutionary invention on the sector of the speed.
Fastest plane in the world
The word ‘speed’ has always fascinated mankind. Irrespective of whether it’s the fastest car or the fastest animal on Earth, the word ‘fastest’ does trigger and adrenaline rush in our body. One can think how fast the fastest plane of the world is. In the fastest categories, the “Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird” has made to be the fastest manned plane in the world.
The Lockheed SR-71 is an advanced, long range, Mach 3++ plane developed by the Lockheed Skunk Works. The word ‘Mach 3++’ means the ability of this aircraft to clock speed that is three times the speed of sound. It was designed by famous aircraft engineer Clarence “Kelly” Johnson. The plane took its first flight on 22nd December 1964. Over the period of time, those aircrafts were manufactured, which were primarily used by the United States Air Force (USAF) and the NASA. In fact, it was used for defense by USAF due to its high speed and operating altitude. It created history with record of an amazing speed of 2,193.167mph over a straight course. It was finally retired from the service in 1988. But none of the plane could meet its speed.
The NASA’s aircraft called X-43 was the top speed in unmanned plane section. It does not take off from the land like other planes. It is launched at an altitude of around 40,000 feet. It became fastest unmanned plane in 16th November 2004, by clocking the unbelievable speed of Mach 9+ (9 times greater speed than the speed of sound). The plane was powered by scramjet engine and had reached speed of Mach 9.8 during test.
Now-a-days, the technology of the fastest manned plane in the world is being used in other planes, which now gives the speed of Mach 2+. But, there is no other fastest aircraft than Lockheed SR-71, till today, as manned aircraft.
The Lockheed SR-71 is an advanced, long range, Mach 3++ plane developed by the Lockheed Skunk Works. The word ‘Mach 3++’ means the ability of this aircraft to clock speed that is three times the speed of sound. It was designed by famous aircraft engineer Clarence “Kelly” Johnson. The plane took its first flight on 22nd December 1964. Over the period of time, those aircrafts were manufactured, which were primarily used by the United States Air Force (USAF) and the NASA. In fact, it was used for defense by USAF due to its high speed and operating altitude. It created history with record of an amazing speed of 2,193.167mph over a straight course. It was finally retired from the service in 1988. But none of the plane could meet its speed.
The NASA’s aircraft called X-43 was the top speed in unmanned plane section. It does not take off from the land like other planes. It is launched at an altitude of around 40,000 feet. It became fastest unmanned plane in 16th November 2004, by clocking the unbelievable speed of Mach 9+ (9 times greater speed than the speed of sound). The plane was powered by scramjet engine and had reached speed of Mach 9.8 during test.
Now-a-days, the technology of the fastest manned plane in the world is being used in other planes, which now gives the speed of Mach 2+. But, there is no other fastest aircraft than Lockheed SR-71, till today, as manned aircraft.
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